Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay Education â€Å"Knowledge is power† as Focault stated. This quote is commonly used to define not only the importance of knowledge and its effect, but ones decision to attain knowledge demonstrates power of developing knowledge. Education is one of the main factors in attaining knowledge. Education serves and effects society in numerous of ways. The influence of educational institutions, the structure it has on children and adolescents, the control education has on society, how education transform lives , and the social benefits that comes with having a higher education. Education may be defined as the process by which a society transmits knowledge, values, norms, and ideologies from young people to adult roles. The influence of educational institutions is one example of how education affects our society. According to the article â€Å"Universal Education†, Mr. Gatto states â€Å"School is the first impression children get out of an organized society. Like most first impressions, it lasts† (N. P). To me, this statement clearly represents not only how school is an educational institution influencing the lives of many, but how Gatos express that schools are a part of the children’s socialization process in development (1 ). Our youth, which is considered the future of our society, develop some their values and learning processes from institutions. School is very crucial and necessary in a child’s upbringing, because it takes the child from childhood and prepares them for adult activities. Institutions serve as a backbone to create, maintain order, and control our environment which entails the rules and monitoring systems. Schools have provided a structured system with policies, and procedures that influence the youth. Educational institutions help create a social world for children. One of the main factors of education is that its structures the lives of children and adolescents. Education gives an opportunity to enhance careers and skills for beneficial purposes. That is why schools prepare students to be effective economic competitors, reliable workers for employers, and well-adjusted individuals. In â€Å"Letters to a Young Brother†, Mr. Harper states â€Å"Since the key to staying in the game is education, it is essential that you take control of your relationship with school† (56). This statement clearly shows Harper’s affirmation about the bond between one’s education and financial success. Mr. Harper expounds greatly on the importance of education and how it influences and affects the life of young adolescents. Schools shape the life of a child from childhood years well into adulthood. For instance, the beginning years of school develops the child’s interactions and social skills. In one’s early school years, one learns how to read, write, and how to develop key social skills that one will utilize for a life long period. Even in adulthood, education affects our lives, because of the careers available and the amount of one’s salary tends to increase with the completion of academic programs and degrees. Education also motivates, pushes our youth to do better, and want to amount something professional in their lifetime. Education has a major control on society as a whole. Educational institutions affect not only our surroundings, but the daily lives of all people within that society. In my opinion, every neighborhood should contain some sort of institutions, whether it’s a community college, high school, or even an elementary school. Education improves lives and minds, and offers more opportunities and possibilities. Our education system embeds our youth with a structure of discipline, and knowledge that will be utilized for further advancement in one’s life. On a collective note, our institution of education reinforces the statuses of the larger society. Some parents are affected and play a major role in the child’s school life. For example I maintain a safe environment for my seven year old son. I show interest in his progress at school, help him with his homework, explain the value of a good education him , and I also stay touch with teachers and school staff . The main reason I created such partnerships is because I understand how important is education and I know it will help him succeed in school, and in later life. The key to a bright and successful future for the youth is through the education they get at school, but they also need resources at home to support them. Parent involvement in children’s education allows kids to perform better in school Education is the key to creating opportunity and changing lives. â€Å"The unemployment rate for people who have never gone to college is more than double (10 percent) what it is for those who have gone to college (4. 5 percent)† (qtd. in Hawkins N. P. ). These statistics make it clear that completing some form of higher education is the best tool to meet the challenges of a 21st century economy. Education is a productive and beneficial factor in a person’s life. The benefits of a college education are evident; higher salaries and lower unemployment rates. â€Å"Cities with a higher percentage of college graduates have lower crime rates† (qtd. in Hawkins N. P). Criminal offenders often have low levels of education. Statistics shows only 35 percent of inmates in U. S. correctional facilities have earned a high school diploma, compared to 82 percent of the general population. Young people with insufficient education are immensely found within the criminal justice system. Education provides opportunities to reduce crime, by helping children to gain knowledge, skills, and character that help them avoid criminal activity. I think education is one the most auspicious means we have of preventing and reducing crime A college education is essential in today’s society to earn a job. A College degree will open the door of opportunity in ways that will increase your potential in landing a great job in the field of preferred study. The more knowledge and experience one holds, the more willing employers are to furnish better positions in the company, and enhanced pay raises or bonuses. Having a college degree tells your current or prospective employer a lot. First, students gain a wealth of knowledge in school. Spending two or four years immersed in a program dedicated to your job field, arms you with the knowledge you’ll need from day one on the job. Employers know that if you’ve got a degree, you won’t need as much training as those without one. A degree also gives you a different perspective of the industry than that of someone without a diploma. Having a college degree makes the employee more valuable to a company (Cunningham, N.P). Your job relies on the amount of education youve received and have achieved in subjects. Math can help you out in money in shops; you can become a successful shop accountant or a bank accountant. English helps you with your daily communicating skills; you can become a successful lawyer, English made writers like James Patterson and Steven King. Science is included in our daily lives, when you water plants, make a cup of tea, freezing food; you could become a scientist, doctor, chemist. Science made people like Einstein. Even if you dont want a job, you need to have some sort of knowledge of the world. Education is the path to success; it benefits individuals, families, and communities (Harper, 106). â€Å"College graduates are statistically more likely to have healthy children and to be involved with their children’s education both inside and outside of school. Studies have also found that there is a correlation between a womans education, and the health of her children. Thusly, having a college degree is related to good health in parents, and learning readiness in children. For instance, more than 90 percent of preschoolers whose mothers are college graduates are read to at least three times a week, compared to 76 percent of their counterparts whose mothers are high school graduates†(qtd. in Cunningham N. P). Higher income is one out of many benefits of having a higher education, people with more education tend to have more leisure time and better outcomes for their children, and improved quality of life in general. For example, they are more likely to have jobs that provide health insurance and retirement benefits than workers without college education. In conclusion, â€Å"School is a great gift our society offers you. It provides the key for your future† (Torres, 160). Educational institutions serve as a major influential force in society and the lives of both children and parents. Schools are organized networks of socializing experiences, which prepare individuals to act in society. Education structures the lives of many, whether it’s a child, adolescents, or adults. Education is very meaningful in the upbringing of a child, and plays a significant role in his/her life. Education educates individuals, such that they prefer not to engage in crime. College-educated adults engage more frequently in educational activities with their children. A college degree proves to an employer that you’re devoted to your career, and serves as proof that you’re knowledgeable and qualified in your field. Essentially, higher earnings are one of the important outcomes of higher education. It is imperative you have an advanced education if you want to be successful. Work citation Cunningham, Alisa. The Broader Societal Benefits of Higher Education. the Solutions For Our Future Project†. The Institute for Higher Education Policy, Washington, D. C. , N. D. Web. 29 Oct 2012. Gatto, Taylor John. Universal Education. Yes Magazine, yesmagazine. org. 02 1998. Web. 29 Oct 2012. Harper, Hill. Letters To a Young Brother. New York, N. Y: Penguin group USA Inc. , 2006. 56-105. Print. Hawkins, Mary. Reinventing Your Life with Education: The Larry Crowne Effect. †. pickthebrain. com, 07 2011. Web. 29 Oct 2012. Torres, Jose. A letter to a Child Like Me. Trans. Array Across Cultures: A Reader For Writers. Sheena Gillespie and Robert Becker. 8th. Ed. USA: Pearson, Inc. , 2011. 160-164. Print.

The History of Zara

The History of Zara Zara is the most successful brand of Spanish company Grupo Inditex. Its owner, Amancio Ortega, opened first retail store in 1975 in La Coruna, a small port in Spain. Zara became the worlds largest fashion retailer by 2008 end. By this time it had stores in over 70 countries, out performing its rivals like Gap of USA and Sweden based HM (Hennes Maurits) (http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/aug/12/retail.spain). Zaras Innovative Operations: Daniel Piette, director of fashion, LVMH has described Zara as possibly the most devastating and innovating retailer in the world http://tbmdb.blogspot.com/2009/12/business-model-example-zara-devastating.html, owing to the companys innovative and unique approach in fashion retail. Zara follows the concept of a vertically integrated supply chain, in which the company has a tight control over most of the design phase, production phase and distribution system to its chain of retail outlets. The rest of these processes is handled by its sister concerns with nearby locations. Unlike its competitors Zara does not outsource its production to Asian developing countries; the proximity of production units helps Zara by giving flexibility in production so that the company can meet the ever-changing demands of the consumers more efficiently than its competitors. Zara has integrated the system of POS (Point Of Sales) and has formed a unique method that helps in the production of new designs. POS helps in monitoring what designs are bringing in maximum sales at the retail shops. The store managers are allowed freedom to decide which designs to display and which ones to keep back in the store, depending on the sales of those designs. Zaras employees at the retail outlets gather feedbacks from the customers and convey the information to the headquarters with the help of hand-held PDAs that each employee is required to carry. At the headquarters, the design teams immediately respond to feedbacks sent via PDAs and begin designing new clothes accordingly. The clothes are manufactured and distributed to the retail stores within a short period of 2 to 4 weeks owing to the vertical integration of its supply chain. While its rivals are busy finding and identifying what the latest trends might be and finally take 4 to 9 months to distribute new designs to their respective stores, Zara manages to design, manufacture and distribute new designs in a matter of just of 30 days. Taking advantage of the fast turn around time, Zara eschews the concept of producing just one collection per season, like its rivals do. Instead the designs keep on changing frequently so that Zara manages to deliver new designs twice a week to its retail shops. Zara only produces small quantities of each style so that there is continuous demand of popular designs. It cuts down on manufacturing costs as well. Thus Zara manages to deliver around 12000 different styles in a year whereas its competitors can produce only 4000-5000 per year. Hence, the company-coined phrase, fast fashion http://www.3isite.com/articles/ImagesFashion_Zara_Part_I.pdf. Current Technology in Information Communication Zaras use of technology in information technology is unique from its competitors. Firstly Zara uses much less technology, in terms of expenditure and work-force, than its competitors just 0.5% of its work force compared to 2.5% of employees that its rivals utilise. Similarly Zara spends only 0.5% of its revenue on information technology compared to expenditure of 2% by its competitors. Secondly Zara employs a unique combination of human and IT intelligence. Managers at the stores and the market survey done by the employees, form the human intelligence while IT intelligence consists of the PDA devices used to send information collected by the managers and other employees carrying the PDAs. An order form is transmitted to each managers PDA asking for information such as availability of garments and patterns of garment sales. The managers of each retail outlets then divide this order form into sections and these sections are transmitted to the PDAs of each employee to fill up, based o n customers feedback and the kind of designs sold. Employees then transmit back their respective sections to the managers PDA, after entering the customers requirements. The managers of each store are given total authority to determine and identify which sections are to be retained in the order form. The edited order form is then sent back to headquarters where the designing teams start working on the basis of the order forms. This unique hybrid of humans technology helps in managing the inventories efficiently and quick and efficient link between demand and supply, thus successfully helping in their own doctrine of fast fashion. Summing up Zaras use of technology http://leoborjblog.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/zara-it-for-fast-fashion/: Gather customer requirements PDAs Logistics and transmission of order form POS terminals and modems. Quickly designing new style CAD (Computer Aided Design) Advantages of such an Innovative System Vertical integration of supply chain and short turn around time lead to High turnover of product. Quick and efficient distribution helps to eliminate warehouse requirement, saving on additional storage costs. Searching the market for latest fashion trends and responding quickly to the consumer requirements with the help of hand-held PDAs. Complete autonomy and flexibility to the employees and managers who are in direct contact with the customers. POS terminals run on DOS operating system, which is cheap and easy to maintain and operate. Perceived limitations of this System http://www.slideshare.net/koffman/zara-case-study-2780928 Zara and its sister concerns have been using DOS as their main operating system in all the processes. It is an outdated operating system. As the POS vendor supplies DOS OS to zara only, it can always stop its supply, while continue to supply other operating systems to its other customers. Store managers are the decision makers. Zara headquarter relies solely on the experience and intuition of the managers. Instead of looking after customers, managers and employees have the time-consuming task of manually entering the garment details in small PDAs. This could result in the employees failing to assist some customers in choosing and might miss out on few garment sales. Inventory is maintained manually as well. Information transmitted is one way only. Managers have no knowledge of the inventories at headquarters and the stores distribution centre. Consequently managers cannot promise a customer if a particular garment that has been sold out, can be replenished and in how many days. Promises made to customers not kept can damage Zaras reputation, so the managers need to know about the garments inventories at headquarters and the distribution centres. There is a great demand for Zaras garments even though new designs are available twice a week. Zara may consider increase in production to meet these ever growing demands. Gathering of information therefore may need to be upgraded in terms of frequency. Its competitors can change to a better OS or software package and increase their turn around time, neutralizing Zaras edge of fast fashion over them. New IT Technology for Sustainability http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=97642 Benefits: New technology may not help Zara in increasing the competitive edge over its competitors but will help in sustaining that edge. A new operating system will help in installing software packages that will help in efficient access of inventory at the stores as well as headquarters and distribution centers. Upgrading to new OS will remove the companys dependency on its current supplier of DOS. Using more than one IT supplier will increase Zaras bargaining power. A Network can be set up between HQ, production centers and retail stores. POS system can be automated so that each sale will automatically update the POS devices. If the POS system of all stores can be interlinked all the store managers can easily know the inventory online and can make and keep their promises to customers demanding a particular garment. POS automation will help reduce overall workload of the employees and managers, as they will not have to manually enter every detail required in the order form. There will not be any need of hand held PDAs. Dedicated POS software will ensure that orders will now be made on the basis of theoretical inventories and will be more accurate. Orders can now placed continually increasing the frequency from twice a week to daily. Ideal software to be used for integration would be ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning). Linking all the process in the supply chain, from HQ, design centers to retail stores, will not only help the managers in accessing inventories but will also help HQ to regulate the supplies more accurately according to the orders placed. Production will become even leaner than before. ECQ (Economic Order Quantity) can help in determining quantities of different garments that buyer can order so that there is sufficient stock for the customers. This will reduce inventory cost as well. Knowing reorder levels will streamline managing of the inventory and help in maintaining the autonomy of the managers. Managers can determine from the reorder levels whether a particular garment needs to be ordered before it will go out of stock and can transmit the same to the production centers that are now linked to the retail outlets. Of course manual checks will still be needed occasionally to check a stores real time inventory is same as the theoretical inventory in case of exceptions like garments getting stolen or gone missing. Designers at HQ will now not depend entirely on the managers discretion and can observe themselves sales of new designs due to two-way system integration by ERP. Just in case a store does run out of stock on a particular garment, the manager can easily check the inventories of local nearby stores for availability and suggest the customer to go there. Inter-store connectivity will have added advantage of shipping garments to another store that has more demand of a particular garment. This will further increase the speed-to-market. Besides HQ even managers of different stores will benefit if they know through network what is selling at other stores and what is not. Cost Analysis: Zara will have to upgrade to better OS that will support ERP like Linux, Unix or Windows NT. Implementation cost of Linux is lowest of the three OS. But recurring costs like service-contract is much higher (McAfee et al). Annual cost of using Unix is the lowest and if functionality remains more or less same, Unix will be best suited. If other costs like plans for systems failure are not taken into consideration then implementation cost will relatively much lower than prospective ROI (Return On Investment). Risk Analysis: Changing software and operating system in all retail shops world over is not an easy task. Due to location of Zaras retail outlets all over the world, there will be many extra tangible costs. Cost of replacing current POS system with the new one. Cost of installation of new cables in each store and maybe new infrastructure to support the cables. Cost of external IT support, hiring professional consultants. Cost of internal IT management and technical training of personnel. Time taken to train the personnel till outside assistance is not required cannot be determined as level of training and learning will be different at different locations around the world. Risk Reduction: Both current and new systems should operate together till the personnel of each store can run the new system smoothly; this will not interrupt any service provided to customers. Zara has a huge pilot outlet that is around 1,500 square meters. Zara can use this as training facility from its personnel from all over the world. Zara can use it to test the new system as well. Zara can hire experienced software professionals and open an in-house department for software management and development. Zara can outsource the management and development to experienced software companies. However Zara will have to trade-off between highly efficient and expensive companies. Zara should develop a contingency plan and an exit plan as well in case the company cannot continue with the up gradation for some reason. Robust data backup is required in case the new system crashes due to mishandling by inexperienced staff.

Explanation Of How Both Long-t :: essays research papers

Using some of the causes in the list explain how both long-term and short-term causes contributed to Hitler’s rise to power. The treaty of Versailles caused a reaction of horror and outrage to the Germans. They were being forced to accept a harsh treaty without any choice or even a comment. Ebert was in an extremely difficult position. So he decided to accept the treaty of Versailles’ terms. When Ebert agreed to sign the treaty the Germans were furious, they were pleased the war had ended but they didn’t want humiliation. Hitler hated the treaty of Versailles, and he promised to kick out the treaty of Versailles as he had said in the Nazis’ Twenty-Five Points. People began to believe in Hitler. His Twenty-Five Point programme showed that the treaty of Versailles could be dealt as any other task, and he promised to abolish it right away. The treaty of Versailles was the most important of the Long-term causes because it gave Hitler the opportunity to share the same ideas as the Germans about the treaty of Versailles. So he took advantage in the middle of a politically destabilised German y. Short-term causes like the Munich Putsch helped his popularity, which was essential to his rise to power. Source 3: During the Munich Putsch Hitler said, â€Å"The Bavarian Ministry is removed. I propose that a Bavarian government be formed consisting of a Regent and Prime Minister invested with dictatorial powers... The government of the November criminals and the Reich president are declared removed... I proposed that until accounts have been finally settled with the November criminals, the direction of the policy in the National Government be taken over by me...† The Munich Putsch was a disaster for Hitler. People didn’t rise to support him. Hitler was arrested and charged with treason. In trial, Hitler gained lots of publicity and his ideas were reported in newspapers. Source 4:During the trial Hitler said, â€Å"I alone bear the responsibility but I am not a criminal because of that... There is no such thing as high treason against the traitors of 1918... I feel myself the best of Germans who wanted the best for German people.† Hitler convinced the judges, and got five years in prison instead of a life sentence, but Hitler served only nine months in Lansberg prison. Ludendorff was freed with Hitler. During his nine months in Lansberg prison Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which expressed Hitler’s ideas towards Germany’s future. Explanation Of How Both Long-t :: essays research papers Using some of the causes in the list explain how both long-term and short-term causes contributed to Hitler’s rise to power. The treaty of Versailles caused a reaction of horror and outrage to the Germans. They were being forced to accept a harsh treaty without any choice or even a comment. Ebert was in an extremely difficult position. So he decided to accept the treaty of Versailles’ terms. When Ebert agreed to sign the treaty the Germans were furious, they were pleased the war had ended but they didn’t want humiliation. Hitler hated the treaty of Versailles, and he promised to kick out the treaty of Versailles as he had said in the Nazis’ Twenty-Five Points. People began to believe in Hitler. His Twenty-Five Point programme showed that the treaty of Versailles could be dealt as any other task, and he promised to abolish it right away. The treaty of Versailles was the most important of the Long-term causes because it gave Hitler the opportunity to share the same ideas as the Germans about the treaty of Versailles. So he took advantage in the middle of a politically destabilised German y. Short-term causes like the Munich Putsch helped his popularity, which was essential to his rise to power. Source 3: During the Munich Putsch Hitler said, â€Å"The Bavarian Ministry is removed. I propose that a Bavarian government be formed consisting of a Regent and Prime Minister invested with dictatorial powers... The government of the November criminals and the Reich president are declared removed... I proposed that until accounts have been finally settled with the November criminals, the direction of the policy in the National Government be taken over by me...† The Munich Putsch was a disaster for Hitler. People didn’t rise to support him. Hitler was arrested and charged with treason. In trial, Hitler gained lots of publicity and his ideas were reported in newspapers. Source 4:During the trial Hitler said, â€Å"I alone bear the responsibility but I am not a criminal because of that... There is no such thing as high treason against the traitors of 1918... I feel myself the best of Germans who wanted the best for German people.† Hitler convinced the judges, and got five years in prison instead of a life sentence, but Hitler served only nine months in Lansberg prison. Ludendorff was freed with Hitler. During his nine months in Lansberg prison Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which expressed Hitler’s ideas towards Germany’s future.

Women and Sports :: essays research papers fc

Review of Literature Thesis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a definite correlation between the economics of professional women ¡Ã‚ ¦s sports and their ultimate success. As most success in sport leagues, teams and associations are measured by longevity, win/loss records, and most importantly, revenue, the footprint of female competition at the professional level has not been paramount at any point in our history. Professional women ¡Ã‚ ¦s athletics is characterized by an economic model and a level of acceptance amongst the masses that differs immensely from their male counterparts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this review of literature I plan to examine the major issues contributing to the struggle women ¡Ã‚ ¦s professional team sports experience, in comparison with individual sports. To better understand the disconnect between female buying power and the support by females of women ¡Ã‚ ¦s professional sport, I will use industry facts and expert opinions to look closely at the economic pitfalls of professional women ¡Ã‚ ¦s sports and how that contributes to their ultimate demise. Participation and Buying Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the post-Title IX era, female participation in sport has skyrocketed. In 1970, one in every twenty-seven girls played high school varsity sports; compared to one in three today (6). Overall, women currently outnumber men as active sports/fitness participants (1). Since 1991, women have also out-purchased men in athletic shoes and apparel, they participate in most purchasing decisions for men and families, as well as their own, and buy disproportionate to their participation in sport. In short, women control 81% of total sports apparel dollars (6). Hence, the argument that women are not interested in sport and that they do not purchase apparel, remains untrue (3). Team Sports   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women ¡Ã‚ ¦s professional team sports have had a difficult time establishing themselves as a staple in a booming industry. Some argue that the masculine image of team sports has inhibited women from participating professionally in the United States (4). The best examples of women ¡Ã‚ ¦s sport at the professional level would be basketball and soccer. Both of these sports are widespread in the United States, both sports enjoy immense participation, yet they struggle economically. WNBA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women have been playing competitive basketball since 1892. In 1976, women ¡Ã‚ ¦s basketball became and Olympic sport and has experienced much success at the collegiate and amateur levels since. The first professional league was launched in 1978 and folded 3 years later. Two other leagues were created in 1996 ¡Xthe American Basketball League (ABL) and the WNBA. The ABL ceased operation in 1999, while the WNBA continues to thrive. Financial woes were the cause of each team ¡Ã‚ ¦s demise and experts argue that the WNBA ¡Ã‚ ¦s survival is due to its NBA affiliation (2).

Japan - Breif History from WWII :: Japanese Japan History

Japan - Breif History from WWII INTRODUTION: Without a good history, no nation can ever be considered developed. It is the history that makes or breaks a country. Japans history is very unique. During and after WWII their country was in ruins - literally. All their previous allies had deserted them, they were alone and destroyed by the Americans, an unlikely ally. I will focus on the impacts that America had on Japan, and then how Japan got themselves to the title of "The Second Most Developed Country". WWII: In 1941 Japan station troops in Indo-China (Vietnam) after forming an alliance with Germany and Italy. The Americans did not approve of this, and cut off exports to Japan. Japan was not happy about this and attacked Pearl Harbor. Meanwhile Japan were also attacking Southern Asia, and expanded their land to the Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The US declared war on Japan and were burning for revenge. In the coming years Japan was bombed heavily and were pushed back into their origonal land. Japans cities were being torn down. Then came the final blow, two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan, one in Hiroshima, the other in Nagasaki. Both of them combined killed an estimated 105,000 people. Japan finally surrendered. AFTERMATH: The Americans called "The Occupation" invaded Japan and made them give back all the land not owned by them before the war. Then, led by General Douglas MacArthur, they helped Japan do many things; write a new constitution that was fairer to everyone, Create a better trade union. Reform the educational system so it was no longer bias to nationalism. Finally they helped to rebuild industry and commerce. This was the most helpful to Japan because the US government gave the Japanese government thousands of millions of dollars. America rebuilt factories and industries with the latest levels of technology, better than their own pre-war factories. They gave them advice and encouragement. Between 1945 and 1950 MacArthur and the Occupation did what they could to rebuild the Japanese economy. It was as if the Americans felt sorry for the Japanese. Then in June 1950, as if on cue, the Korean war broke out and the UN needed goods and services from Japan.

Language and Gender essay- Nora’s first job Essay

Nora’s first job is an opening of a short story from an annual that has been published for girls. As the story is in a book that is aimed at girls. The language and the writing style would have been created to make the book easier to read for the audience. The writer would have to write about things that girls are going to find interesting otherwise they are not going to sell lots of their books. Throughout the texts many linguistic methods have been used. One of the linguistic methods that I have found is the use of exclamatory punctuation. There are many examples of exclamatory punctuation in the text and they all seem to be important points. The exclamatory punctuation ends up emphasising on a word or a phrase when the girls are talking. For example ‘you should be more careful!’ includes an exclamation mark at the end of the phrase. This could mean that the girl was shouting at Nora and then this might have come across harshly towards her and cause the other girl to feel more powerful than the other. As the phrase would have been said from a girl, it would have sounded as if she was being catty and that there might not have been a problem. Sometimes women are insulted by other people. This can cause women to become reclusive and can stop them from being themselves. In the short story Norah’s first job we can see that graphology has been used. The most important thing that graphology can show is what women and men are perceived as and how they are meant to look.in this story there is a picture of a woman who is picking out clothes. The clothes seem to be dresses which could indicate the fact that women are supposed to wear dresses and that they are all meant to dress the same. The woman in the image could possibly be Norah. We can infer this from the fact that she is trying to get a job at a shop where they sell women clothes and dresses. By having an image on the page people are more likely going to pick up the book and read it. Young girls especially are going to find the images intriguing and this can then make them want to carry on reading the story. The sentence types play a huge role in short stories. If the lengths of the sentences are too long then people are going to get bored and stop reading the book. Youngsters especially are going to see a whole page of writing that is line after line and they are going to then not want to read the book. There has been a lot of use of adverbs, this could mean that the writer might have wanted to do this in order to portray the fact that women  are often the quiet ones. For example in this text the adverb carefully has been used. This could infer to us that women are too carefully and that the woman who is featured in this story is going to be portrayed as a careful person. Another adverb that has been used distinctly. This might have been used to ensure that the women are the ones that usually separate themselves from others and they are the emotional ones who exaggerate everything. Some people would say that women in this story seem to be controlling of all situations. We can see this in the text when one of the women end up saying that all the staff are ill and that she also feels so ill. This might be the reason as to why the exclamation mark has been used in order to show that sometimes women end up exaggerative every situation. Personal pronouns have been used throughout this text. The fact that when the girls are having a conversation neither of their names are hardly mentions they are always referred to as ‘you’. This might have been done to show that women are not as important as men. This might be because the man who is mentioned in the story usually has his name when he is brought into the story. Whenever there is an argument going on in the story again it is always the use of personal pronouns. The text seems to be formal as they are applying for a job, even though this is happening the text still seems to be interesting. From having the story laid out on an easy read level this will mean that younger people will also be able to read the story.

Early Detection Of Perinatal Asphyxia Health And Social Care Essay

Meconium staining amnionic fluid ( MSAF ) is associated with tonss of inauspicious result and has long been considered to be a bad forecaster of foetal result. Meconium aspiration syndrome ( MAS ) is often associated with foetal hypoxia which promotes meconium discharge in amnionic fluid, panting and aspiration of MSAF, and besides alterations in the vascular muscular media of pneumonic arterias of the foetus. About 30 to 50 % of MAS required mechanical airing or uninterrupted positive air passage force per unit area ( CPAP ) .Aim: –This retrospective survey was undertaken to happen out immediate foetal result in meconium stained spirits in relation to perinatal asphyxia.MATERIAL AND METHOD: –It was a retrospective survey. We reviewed the medical records of all Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive attention unit ( NICU ) between 1st September 2011 to 31st July 2012 at NICU of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Gestational age of babes & lt ; 37weeks are coded as prete rm, & gt ; 42weeks as station term and 37 to 42 hebdomads as term. Chi square trial and Binary logistic arrested development were used for the analysis. We calculated odds ratios ( OR ) and their 95 % assurance intervals ( 95 % CI ) . P-valueConsequence: –Out of 399 entire admittances in NICU, male ( 62.4 % ) showed preponderance as compared to female ( 37.6 % ) , among which 6.8 % were instances of MAS, doing female ( 10.7 % ) more prone compared to male ( 4.4 % ) while perinatal asphyxia came out to be 11.5 % , doing male ( 12 % ) more prone to female ( 10.7 % ) . Post term [ odds ratio=3.50 ( CI: 0.39, 31.42 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.58 ( CI: 1.16, 5.75 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing MAS compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) . Post term [ odds ratio=9.15 ( CI: 1.91, 43.75 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.67 ( CI: 1.41, 5.08 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) . MAS babe is holding 6.62 ( C I: 2.85, 15.38 ) times hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia ( p & lt ; 0.01 ) .Decision: –MAS is a perinatal job which requires a full co-operation and coordination of Obstetrician and Pediatrician if it is to be avoided. Prompt and efficient bringing room direction can minimise the sequeale of aspirated meconium and diminish the opportunity of perinatal asphyxia.KEYWORDS: –Meconium aspiration syndrome ( MAS ) , Perinatal asphyxia, NICU, PaediatricBackground: –In the early 2000, the prevalence of MAS ranged from 0.20 % to 0.54 % in the general population [ 2-4 ] and from 1.0 % to 6.8 % in babies born through MSAF [ 1, 2-4 ] . A reappraisal of 10 studies published from 1990 to 1998 showed a combined incidence of 13.1 % for MSAF, 0.52 % of MAS, 4.2 % of MAS among MSAF, and 49.7 % of MAS necessitating ventilatory support with a 4.6 % mortality rate [ 3 ] . However, big population-based surveies were scarce and suggested a lower incidence of MAS: the national US birth cohort survey conducted on the footing of singleton term non-Hispanic white unrecorded births ( 1995-2001 ) showed that the rate of MAS markedly increased with gestational age ( GA ) , that is, from 0.10 % at 37 hebdomads gestation ( WG ) to 0.22 and 0.31 % at 40 and 41 WG, severally [ 5 ] . The prevalence of MAS could be extrapolated to 0.18 % in this population of term babies. In Australia, the rate of MAS necessitating mechanical airing in flat III units ranged between 0.024 to 0.046 % at 36-40 WG and so increased to 0.080 % at 41 WG and 0.14 % at 42 WG [ 6 ] . In France, the prevalence of automatically ventilated MAS was estimated to 0.043 % by a retrospective national study among newborns born in 2000-2001 [ 7 ] . Meconium-stained amnionic fluid occurs in about 13 % of unrecorded births. Meconium aspiration syndrome ( MAS ) occurs in 5 to 10 % of babies born through meconium-stained amnionic fluid. When MAS occurs, there is an addition in neonatal mortality and morbidity. Great advancement has been made in the betterment of endurance of babies with MAS. Great advancement in direction has been made since first description of the pathophysiology and hapless result of babies with MAS in 1975. [ 8 ] These include improved intrapartum and post-delivery direction of MAS. Although there is a important lessening in the happening of MAS and associated mortality in developed states MAS remains a major job in developing states. Meconium, the faecal stuff that accumulates in the fetal colon throughout gestation, is a term derived from the Greek mekoni, intending poppy juice or opium. It is a unfertile, thick, black-green, odourless stuff foremost observed in the foetal bowel during the 3rd month of gestation. Meconium consequences from the accretion of dust, including desquamated cells from the bowel and tegument, GI mucin, lanugo hair, fatty stuff from the vernix caseosa, amnionic fluid and enteric secernments. The black-green colour consequences from bile pigments. [ 9, 10 ] Most babies have their first intestine motion after birth ( within the first 24 to 48 hour after birth ) . Occasionally a foetus can go through meconium in uteri. Aspiration of meconium and amnionic fluid can go on during any point of the labour and bringing. The foetus could draw out this mixture of fluids while they are still in the womb, coming through the birth canal, or when they take their first breathe after birth. This is refer red to as Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ( MAS ) . MAS is an of import cause of respiratory hurt in the term neonate, is a serious status with high morbidity and mortality. [ 11,12 ] The pathophysiology is complex and non good defined, including airway obstructor, pneumonic high blood pressure, epithelial hurt, surfactant inactivation, and redness. [ 11,13 ] Fetal asphyxia [ 14 ] and infection are suggested to be chief causative agents. [ 15,16 ] Meconium produces inflammatory responses in both carnal theoretical accounts and neonates with MAS. [ 17 ] After intratracheal instillment of meconium in animate beings, there is an intense pneumonic inflammatory reaction with inflow of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and T cells within a few hours. The production of proinflammatory cytokines further propagates parenchymal lung cell hurt, [ 18,19 ] and apoptotic epithelial cells are present in meconium containing lungs. [ 20,21 ] MAS is a disease of the term and near-term baby that is associated with considerable respiratory morbidity. The disease is characterized by early oncoming of respiratory hurt in a meconium-stained baby, with hapless lung conformity and hypoxemia clinically and patchy opacification and hyperinflation radiographically. [ 22, 23 ] At least one tierce of babies with MAS require cannulation and mechanical airing, [ 24, 25 ] and newer neonatal therapies, such as high-frequency airing ( HFV ) , inhaled azotic oxide ( iNO ) , and surfactant disposal are frequently brought into drama. [ 26, 27 ] In the past few decennaries, there seems to hold been a decrease in the incidence of MAS in many centres, at least in the developed universe. [ 25, 28, 29 ] The evident decrease in the hazard of MAS has been attributed to better obstetric patterns, in peculiar, turning away of postmaturity and expeditious bringing where fetal hurt has been noted. [ 28 ]Aim:This retrospective survey was undertaken to happen out immediate foetal result in meconium stained spirits in relation to perinatal asphyxia.MATERIALS AND METHODS: –Study design and the participants:It was a infirmary based retrospective experimental survey conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Manipal College of Medical Sciences ( MCOMS ) , Kathmandu University. Manipal learning infirmary ( MTH ) is a third attention infirmary in pokhara metropolis of Nepal and it is a good facilitated and equipped infirmary for patients with neonatal intensive attention unit ( NICU ) . It was chosen for the survey because Manipal lea rning infirmary is a third attention 825 bedded infirmary and it was expected that most of the patients will come to this infirmary from Western Nepal.DATA COLLECTION: –This survey was carried out from 1ST SEPTEMBER 2011to 31st JULY, 2012. The survey population included patients admitted in Pediatrics NICU from different parts of Pokhara, Nepal. After obtaining the permission from the caput of the section, information was collected from the medical record section of the patient from NICU. The variable collected were Age, sex, weight, manner of bringing and gestational age. Sum of 399 instances were included in the survey holding both meconium aspiration syndrome, perinatal asphyxia and other neonatal infections.INCLUSION CRITERIA:Gestational age of babes & lt ; 37weeks are coded as preterm, & gt ; 42weeks as station term and 37 to 42 hebdomads as term.SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION: To be added subsequentlyResult Variables:To happen out immediate foetal result in meconium stained sp irits in relation to perinatal asphyxia.Explanatory Variables:Factors at single degree are gestational age and sex.ETHICAL COMMITTEE APPROVAL:Predating the survey, blessing for the survey was obtained from the institutional research ethical commission.DATA MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:Analysis was done utilizing descriptive statistics and proving of hypothesis. The information was analyzed utilizing Excel 2003, R 2.8.0, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) for Windows Version 16.0 ( SPSS Inc ; Chicago, IL, USA ) and the EPI Info 3.5.1 Windows Version. A p-value of & lt ; 0.05 ( two-tailed ) was used to set up statistical significance. [ 30, 31 ]Consequence: –Table 1: Cross tabular matter between Socio demographic factors and meconium aspiration syndrome: Variables MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME p-VALUE Yes NO Entire Sexual activity Male 11 ( 4.4 % ) 238 ( 95.6 % ) 249 0.016 Female 16 ( 10.7 % ) 134 ( 89.3 % ) 150 Gestational age 1 ( & lt ; 37 hebdomads ) 12 ( 4.5 % ) 252 ( 95.5 % ) 264 0.001 2 ( 37-42 hebdomads ) 14 ( 10.9 % ) 114 ( 89.1 % ) 128 3 ( & lt ; 42 hebdomads ) 1 ( 14.3 % ) 6 ( 85.7 % ) 7 Table 1depicts: female ( 10.7 % ) more prone compared to male ( 4.4 % ) . Post term [ odds ratio=3.50 ( CI: 0.39, 31.42 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.58 ( CI: 1.16, 5.75 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing MAS compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) . from the above statistics it ‘s really clear the female in our survey are doing an dominant portion as compared to do in meconium aspiration syndrome. Along with this, we can do out that station and term newborns are holding larger hazard of developing meconium aspiration syndrome. Table 2: shows relationship of perinatal asphyxia with Socio demographic factors and meconium aspiration syndrome: Variables PERINATAL ASPHYXIA p-VALUE Yes NO Sum Sexual activity Male 30 ( 12.0 % ) 219 ( 88.0 % ) 249 0.676 Female 16 ( 10.7 % ) 134 ( 89.3 % ) 150 Gestational age 1 ( & lt ; 37 hebdomads ) 20 ( 7.6 % ) 244 ( 92.4 % ) 264 0.001 2 ( 37-42 hebdomads ) 23 ( 18.0 % ) 105 ( 82.0 % ) 128 3 ( & gt ; 42 hebdomads ) 3 ( 42.9 % ) 4 ( 57.1 % ) 7 Meconium aspiration syndrome Yes 11 ( 40.7 % ) 16 ( 59.3 % ) 27 0.0001 NO 35 ( 9.4 % ) 337 ( 90.6 % ) 372 Table 2: shows Perinatal asphyxia came out to be 11.5 % , doing male ( 12 % ) more prone to female ( 10.7 % ) . Post term [ odds ratio=9.15 ( CI: 1.91, 43.75 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.67 ( CI: 1.41, 5.08 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) . MAS babe is holding 6.62 ( CI: 2.85, 15.38 ) times hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia ( p & lt ; 0.01 ) . From the tabular array we formulated that male are holding more hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia as compared to females.post term babes and term are holding greater hazard holding asphyxia. Therefore from the above consequence we can do out that there is strong relationship between MAS and perinatal asphyxia i.e, meconium aspiration newborns are prone for developing perinatal asphyxia.Discussion:The increased hazard for pneumonic morbidity and mortality among babies born through meconium stained amnionic fluid is good recognized. Though many studies have noted a clinical spectrum of pneumonic disfunction such as mild tachypnea and terrible pneumonic inadequacy, this survey confirms that meconium stained amnionic fluid is associated with an increased hazard for pneumonic disfunction. The hazard for pneumonic disease, nevertheless, is non manifested every bit in all babies with meconium staining. As it was shown by several old surveies, the greatest hazard for pneumonic disease occurred among babies with associated marks of possible intrapartum foetal via media. Despite airway direction following recommended guidelines, these babies continued to attest a high rate of pneu monic morbidity [ 32-35 ] . The recommendation by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1983 did non propose that all babies born through thick meconium stained amnionic fluid needfully necessitate tracheal suction. The 2nd edition of these Guidelines noted the absence of extra surveies to back up or rebut the pattern of tracheal suction for meconium stained amnionic fluid and recommended that â€Å" in the presence of midst or particulate meconium, the voice box should be visualized, and if meconium is present, the clinician should cannulate the windpipe and use suction † . The most recent edition of the Guidelines published in 1992, is downwind dogmatic. It is recommended that down babies with meconium in the hypopharynx have tracheal suction. However, it is further noted that cord visual image and tracheal suction in the vigorous baby with thick meconium may non be necessary. None of the Guidelines have recommended tracheal suction of babies born through thin meconium stained amnionic fluid [ 32, 33 ] .MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME WITH GESTATIONAL AGE:The overall incidence of MAS and terrible MAS additions with GA as reported in recent population-based surveies [ 36, 37 ] . The overall rates of MAS in the USA [ 36 ] and Burgundy are similar: 1.0 versus 1.1 per 1000 unrecorded births ( aˆÂ ° ) at 37 hebdomads ; 1.1 versus 1.0aˆÂ ° at 38weeks ; 1.5 versus 1.1aˆÂ ° at 39weeks ; 2.2 versus 2.4aˆÂ ° at 40 hebdomads, and 3.1 versus 2.6aˆÂ ° at 41weeks. Furthermore the incidence of terrible MAS recorded in Australia [ 37 ] at 41weeks ( 0.80aˆÂ ° ) is close to the 0.67aˆÂ ° observed at 39-41weeks in our series. Some surveies suggested that bar of post term gestation prevents terrible MAS [ 38 ] .Our retrospective observational survey showed that station term [ odds ratio=3.50 ( CI: 0.39, 31.42 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.58 ( CI: 1.16, 5.75 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing MAS compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) .MECONIUM ASPIRATION S YNDROME WITH SEX:In our survey, male ( 62.4 % ) showed preponderance as compared to female ( 37.6 % ) , among which ( 6.8 % ) were instances of MAS, doing female ( 10.7 % ) more prone compared to male ( 4.4 % ) .PERINATAL ASPHYXIA WITH GESTATIONAL AGE:For more than two decennaries, post term gestation has been defined as a gestation that persists beyond 294 yearss or 42 hebdomads of gestation [ 39 ] . The most common ground to name it is inaccurate gestation dating. Last catamenial period with regular catamenial rhythm is the best physiological landmark to measure the gestational age in gestation. However, a few adult females are certain of their day of the months and frequently cause anxiousness when they come with postdates [ 40 ] . The cause of post-term gestation is unknown. A Post term gestations are associated with higher hazard of perinatal mortality and morbidity including meconium aspiration syndrome, A asphyxia neonatrum respiratory hurt syndrome, icterus neonatrum, sepsis neonatorum, oligohydramnios, macrosomia, foetal birth hurt, foetal hurt and increased rate of cesarean subdivision [ 41 ] . Our survey showed that station term [ odds ratio=9.15 ( CI: 1.91, 43.75 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.67 ( CI: 1.41, 5.08 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) .PERINATAL ASPHYXIA WITH SEX:In legion surveies, asphyxia was more prevailing in male than female [ 42, 43, 44 ] . In our survey, male preponderance is seen. Out of 399 instances perinatal asphyxia came out to be 11.5 % , doing male ( 12 % ) more prone to female ( 10.7 % ) .Decision:The present survey showed a good correlativity of prevalence of meconium aspiration syndrome and perinatal asphyxia both in term and post term babes doing perinatal asphyxia more common in meconium aspiration syndrome. There is demand of a big randomized controlled test to analyze the functions of intrapartum nasopharyngeal and immediate postpartum tracheal suctioning in newborns born through MSAF in developing state scene.Conflict OF INTERESTS:The writers do non hold any struggle of involvement originating from the survey.RecognitionsDr. K.S RAO, Professor and Head of Department, Pediatrics, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara ( Nepal ) for allowing the writers to utilize the infirmary paperss during the survey.What this survey adds:By agencies of this survey we can turn out that perinatal asphyxia is more prevailing in meconium aspiration syndrome.